Competing mechanisms for singlet-triplet transition in artificial molecules

We study the magnetic field induced singlet/triplet transition for two electrons in vertically coupled quantum dots by exact diagonalization of the Coulomb interaction. We identify the different mechanisms occurring in the transition, involving either in-plane correlations or localization in opposite dots, depending on the field direction. Therefore, both spin and orbital degrees of freedom can be manipulated by field strength and direction. The phase diagram of realistic devices is determined.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev. B - Rapid Comm. - 5 pages, 3 figure

Multiple quantum phases in artificial double-dot molecules

We study coupled semiconductor quantum dots theoretically through a generalized Hubbard approach, where intra- and inter-dot Coulomb Correlation, as well as tunneling effects are described on the basis of realistic electron wavefunctions. We find that the ground-state configuration of vertically-coupled double dots undergoes non-trivial quantum transitions as a function of the inter-dot distance d; at intermediate values of d we predict a new phase that should be observable in the addition spectra and in the magnetization changes.Comment: RevTeX, 4 pages, 4 ps figures, to appear in Solid State Communication

Reduced electron relaxation rate in multi-electron quantum dots

We use a configuration-interaction approach and Fermi golden rule to investigate electron-phonon interaction in realistic multi-electron quantum dots. Lifetimes are computed in the low-density, highly correlated regime. We report numerical evidence that electron-electron interaction generally leads to reduced decay rates of excited electronic states in weakly confined quantum dots, where carrier relaxation is dominated by the interaction with longitudinal acoustic phonons.Comment: to appear in Phys. Rev. Let

Triplet-Singlet Spin Relaxation in Quantum Dots with Spin-Orbit Coupling

We estimate the triplet-singlet relaxation rate due to spin-orbit coupling assisted by phonon emission in weakly-confined quantum dots. Our results for two and four electrons show that the different triplet-singlet relaxation trends observed in recent experiments under magnetic fields can be understood within a unified theoretical description, as the result of the competition between spin-orbit coupling and phonon emission efficiency. Moreover, we show that both effects are greatly affected by the strength of the confinement and the external magnetic field, which may give access to very long-lived triplet states as well as to selective population of the triplet Zeeman sublevels.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures. Closely related to recent experiments in cond-mat/060972

Molecular phases in coupled quantum dots

We present excitation energy spectra of few-electron vertically coupled quantum dots for strong and intermediate inter-dot coupling. By applying a magnetic field, we induce ground state transitions and identify the corresponding quantum numbers by comparison with few-body calculations. In addition to atomic-like states, we find novel "molecular-like" phases. The isospin index characterizes the nature of the bond of the artificial molecule and this we control. Like spin in a single quantum dot, transitions in isospin leading to full polarization are observed with increasing magnetic field.Comment: PDF file only, 28 pages, 3 tables, 4 color figures, 2 appendices. To appear in Physical Review B, Scheduled 15 Feb 2004, Vol. 69, Issue

Effect of the Coulomb interaction on the electron relaxation of weakly-confined quantum dot systems

We study acoustic-phonon-induced relaxation of charge excitations in single and tunnel-coupled quantum dots containing few confined interacting electrons. The Full Configuration Interaction approach is used to account for the electron-electron repulsion. Electron-phonon interaction is accounted for through both deformation potential and piezoelectric field mechanisms. We show that electronic correlations generally reduce intradot and interdot transition rates with respect to corresponding single-electron transitions, but this effect is lessened by external magnetic fields. On the other hand, piezoelectric field scattering is found to become the dominant relaxation mechanism as the number of confined electrons increases. Previous proposals to strongly suppress electron-phonon coupling in properly designed single-electron quantum dots are shown to hold also in multi-electron devices. Our results indicate that few-electron orbital degrees of freedom are more stable than single-electron ones.Comment: 20 pages (preprint format), 7 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

A monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenide as a topological excitonic insulator

Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides in the T\u2032 phase could enable the realization of the quantum spin Hall effect1 at room temperature, because they exhibit a prominent spin\u2013orbit gap between inverted bands in the bulk2,3. Here we show that the binding energy of electron\u2013hole pairs excited through this gap is larger than the gap itself in the paradigmatic case of monolayer T\u2032 MoS2, which we investigate from first principles using many-body perturbation theory4. This paradoxical result hints at the instability of the T\u2032 phase in the presence of spontaneous generation of excitons, and we predict that it will give rise to a reconstructed \u2018excitonic insulator\u2019 ground state5\u20137. Importantly, we show that in this monolayer system, topological and excitonic order cooperatively enhance the bulk gap by breaking the crystal inversion symmetry, in contrast to the case of bilayers8\u201316 where the frustration between the two orders is relieved by breaking time reversal symmetry13,15,16. The excitonic topological insulator is distinct from the bare topological phase because it lifts the band spin degeneracy, which results in circular dichroism. A moderate biaxial strain applied to the system leads to two additional excitonic phases, different in their topological character but both ferroelectric17,18 as an effect of electron\u2013electron interaction

Effect of electron-electron interaction on the phonon-mediated spin relaxation in quantum dots

We estimate the spin relaxation rate due to spin-orbit coupling and acoustic phonon scattering in weakly-confined quantum dots with up to five interacting electrons. The Full Configuration Interaction approach is used to account for the inter-electron repulsion, and Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit couplings are exactly diagonalized. We show that electron-electron interaction strongly affects spin-orbit admixture in the sample. Consequently, relaxation rates strongly depend on the number of carriers confined in the dot. We identify the mechanisms which may lead to improved spin stability in few electron (>2) quantum dots as compared to the usual one and two electron devices. Finally, we discuss recent experiments on triplet-singlet transitions in GaAs dots subject to external magnetic fields. Our simulations are in good agreement with the experimental findings, and support the interpretation of the observed spin relaxation as being due to spin-orbit coupling assisted by acoustic phonon emission.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures. Revised version. Changes in section V (simulation of PRL 98, 126601 experiment

Full configuration interaction approach to the few-electron problem in artificial atoms

We present a new high-performance configuration interaction code optimally designed for the calculation of the lowest energy eigenstates of a few electrons in semiconductor quantum dots (also called artificial atoms) in the strong interaction regime. The implementation relies on a single-particle representation, but it is independent of the choice of the single-particle basis and, therefore, of the details of the device and configuration of external fields. Assuming no truncation of the Fock space of Slater determinants generated from the chosen single-particle basis, the code may tackle regimes where Coulomb interaction very effectively mixes many determinants. Typical strongly correlated systems lead to very large diagonalization problems; in our implementation, the secular equation is reduced to its minimal rank by exploiting the symmetry of the effective-mass interacting Hamiltonian, including square total spin. The resulting Hamiltonian is diagonalized via parallel implementation of the Lanczos algorithm. The code gives access to both wave functions and energies of first excited states. Excellent code scalability in a parallel environment is demonstrated; accuracy is tested for the case of up to eight electrons confined in a two-dimensional harmonic trap as the density is progressively diluted and correlation becomes dominant. Comparison with previous Quantum Monte Carlo simulations in the Wigner regime demonstrates power and flexibility of the method.Comment: RevTeX 4.0, 18 pages, 6 tables, 9 postscript b/w figures. Final version with new material. Section 6 on the excitation spectrum has been added. Some material has been moved to two appendices, which appear in the EPAPS web depository in the published versio

Observation and Spectroscopy of a Two-Electron Wigner Molecule in an Ultra-Clean Carbon Nanotube

Coulomb interactions can have a decisive effect on the ground state of electronic systems. The simplest system in which interactions can play an interesting role is that of two electrons on a string. In the presence of strong interactions the two electrons are predicted to form a Wigner molecule, separating to the ends of the string due to their mutual repulsion. This spatial structure is believed to be clearly imprinted on the energy spectrum, yet to date a direct measurement of such a spectrum in a controllable one-dimensional setting is still missing. Here we use an ultra-clean suspended carbon nanotube to realize this system in a tunable potential. Using tunneling spectroscopy we measure the excitation spectra of two interacting carriers, electrons or holes, and identify seven low-energy states characterized by their spin and isospin quantum numbers. These states fall into two multiplets according to their exchange symmetries. The formation of a strongly-interacting Wigner molecule is evident from the small energy splitting measured between the two multiplets, that is quenched by an order of magnitude compared to the non-interacting value. Our ability to tune the two-electron state in space and to study it for both electrons and holes provides an unambiguous demonstration of the fundamental Wigner molecule state.Comment: SP and FK contributed equally to this wor